Management Consultancy Services Essay Example for Free

Management Consultancy Services Essay Following the Enron case and others, the place and role of professional advisers within corporate governance was thrown into public focus and as a result the professional management bodies across the world revisited their policies on various regulatory mechanisms. The policies formulated by Institute of Management Consultancy, United Kingdom is taken as a reference in the discussions below. The general principles are summarized. Self-regulation is best delivered through a modern, professional approach, i.e. through standards backed by disciplinary arrangements that are supported by external validation and a Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical Guidelines that apply to all members. A framework is required at the organizational and individual level to ensure that clients are able to make an informed decision about their choice of consultancy advice. A sector-wide definition of management consultancy should be developed that will assist in a number of ways, including the debate around self-regulation, and be sufficiently flexible to accommodate new providers of consultancy. The sector-wide definition should be Management consultancy is the provision to management of objective advice and assistance relating to the strategy, structure, management and operations of an organization in pursuit of its long-term purposes and objectives. Such assistance may include the identification of options with recommendations; the provision of an additional resource and/or the implementation of solutions. The definition of a management consultant should be Management consultants are those organisations and/or individuals that participate in the process of management consultancy within a framework of appropriate and relevant professional disciplines and ethics designed for the activity of management consultancy. The principle of detailed technical regulation of management consultancy should be rejected and that the essential skills of consulting are primarily behavioral, stressing the importance of competences and ethical standards. Any regulatory regime requires a significant element of independence from the profession in terms of membership and operation. The option of a regulatory system that provides easily accessible information from clients on the performance of firms and individuals should be considered carefully. The global nature of consultancy means that the complexities of jurisdiction and applicable law need to be taken into account and the dangers of regulatory systems being used as restraints on trade or for the furtherance of the interests of trade blocs recognized. The question of the interaction of parallel regulatory systems needs to be explored thoroughly with a wide range of professional and trade bodies. Management consultancy is immensely competitive. Any self-regulatory regime must not fetter the ability of management consultants to compete for business, with the opportunities for other companies that they may bring. The Government does not have a formal role in regulating the profession of management consultancy. Its role is to encourage and support stakeholders in management consultancy, including clients and other institutes, to develop a system that protects users and enables the UK profession to compete in a global market. 2. PROFESSIONAL CONSULTANCY ORGANIZATIONS CHALLENGES Traditionally the state has awarded associations of professionals the privilege of self-regulation in return for an assurance that members abide by a set of standards and an ethical code of conduct to ensure protection of the public interest. As increasing levels of education and social awareness give rise to greater expectations traditional structures, rules and regulations are challenged and justification for privilege is questioned. The position of trade and professional bodies is also made more complex by the increasing demand from members for such bodies to defend them from these pressures. This representational role has to be balanced carefully against the public protection responsibility. The regulatory function itself is not without its pitfalls. They are cent red on ensuring that everyone in the market is covered, how any regulations are to be enforced and also possibly ensuring that restrictive trade practices legislation is not used against them. All such arrangements are potentially unstable and perhaps are held together predominantly by the fear of more onerous statutory regulation. But these difficulties are compounded in an international environment. The increasing globalization that result in emergence of a single market mean that the developments of rules and regulations concerning two issues competition amongst professionals and standardization of qualifications are of particular concern. But the profession is also global in nature and regulation has also to be seen in against a shifting pattern of international trading and political structures. One driver for change is seen as ..deregulation and privatization, combined with a gradual shifting of policy-making to the global level. If regulation is the key, what form should it take? It can be introduced at a number of levels, i.e. the activity (technical regulation); individuals (standards and qualifications); firms (the trade association model) or the profession as a whole (ethics and principles). All of them have their difficulties. Some believe that the accounting profession in the USA had the wrong approach, i.e. Based on strict adherence to rules, it inadvertently encouraged innovations of the worst kind; creative accounting. 3. SHOULD MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY BE REGULATED? There is, equally, the view that regulation is not needed at all. The market will regulate itself. This, of course, ignores that fact that business takes place within a societal framework and the view that the market is the ultimate regulator is, surely, flawed. It is based on the notion, sound in theory but questionable in practice, that the market is a perfect mechanism. Others suggest that the secret lies in the education of the client to make it an informed marketplace. It also has to balanced with the view that, if management consultancy wishes to be seen as professional, Professional awareness and behavior come when the early juggling with a little knowledge gives way to skilled application of a generally accepted body of knowledge according to accepted standards of integrity. It is also the case that the development of partnerships between clients and professional service firms (including investment by the latter in the former) may well limit the willingness of clients to shop around. The key question then is what is regulation for. In essence of course it is to ensure that the customers or stakeholders receive the goods and services that they need and that the suppliers claim to provide. In the case of management consultancy this must mean that clients receive the best possible advice to help them in taking their organizations forward. In a market dominated by a few global brands, it is about extending the transparency and extent of choice to enable clients to choose on the basis of expertise, quality of delivery and cost. It is also about balancing the need to extend these principles down from the firm to the individual and the costs of any system. The government view has been that good self-regulation coupled with demanding industry and people standards help companies compete in a global marketplace. When combined with effective self-regulatory systems and where appropriate supporting mechanisms exist to encourage good practice and resolve cross-border disputes, this development will reduce barriers and realize a single market worldwide. 4. STEP 1 IN REGULATAION WHO ARE MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS? A number of definitions have been developed in recent years. The following is a small selection: Management consultants are used first to provide wider additional expertise than is available within a single organization. Thus a change in production or marketing may require expertise in designing and implementing a new system. Secondly, management consultants are used to provide objective appraisals where it is often easier for the expert outsider to see the broader picture and recognize the long-term requirements. Thirdly, the management consultant may be needed to provide additional assistance where there is a temporary increase in the management workload. This may be to cope with a major change or new development in any area of management responsibility. The rendering of independent advice and assistance on management issues. This typically includes identifying and investigating problems and/or opportunities, recommending appropriate action and helping to implement those solutions. Management consulting is an independent professional advisory service assisting mangers and organizations in achieving organizational purposes and objectives by solving management and business problems, identifying and seizing new opportunities, enhancing learning and implementing changes. The term Management Consultancy applies when a firm is engaged for a definitive duration to undertake specific enquiries, conduct studies, identify options and make recommendations or give advice of a strategic nature relating to the organization, management and operation of [the organization] for consideration/implementation. These definitions or descriptions have a number of threads in common. They are concerned with management issues of a significant, although not necessarily strategic, importance. Secondly, they are concerned with the role of the expert outsider. Finally, they extend the role of management consultants beyond advice and into implementation. Taking these threads into account the Institute believes that the sector-wide definition should be Management consultancy is the provision to management of objective advice and assistance relating to the strategy, structure, management and operations of an organization in pursuit of its long-term purposes and objectives. Such assistance may include the identification of options with recommendations; the provision of an additional resource and/or the implementation of solutions. Some have raised the issue of whether, if the professional activity is defined, the role of the individual management consultant also needs to be placed within a definitional framework. 5. REGULATION WIDER ISSUES Conversely, it is likely to be the case that others, even if introduced for the best of reasons, may see any system of regulation, as a restraint of trade. The danger is that the introduction of any self-regulatory system may also require an accompanying increase in bureaucracy and industry overheads and that the perceived failure of any such system may provoke a call for statutory intervention. The potential costs of any regulatory regime, however light its touch, are also of concern when Government does not seem to appreciate the costs, whether financial or opportunity, that may arise. Additional administration for practices and activity by professional bodies require resourcing and, in many cases, it is practitioners who have to bear the burden. The reality is that management consultancy, like every other business, is immensely competitive. Any regulatory proposals must take into account the need for the consulting profession to retain flexibility to adapt to a new global and technology-driven world. While global practices dominate the market, internal consultancies within domestic companies are turning to external and, hence, foreign markets, for business and small practices in niche markets are also competing on a global stage. The key is responding to the needs of clients rather than a regulatory regime that will always be behind developments in the marketplace. 6. CODE OF ETHICS INSTITUTE OF MGMT CONSULTANTS, USA All IMC USA members pledge in writing to abide by the Institutes Code of Ethics. Their adherence to the Code signifies voluntary assumption of self-discipline. The Code specifies: Clients * Members will serve their clients with integrity, competence, and objectivity, using a professional approach at all times, and placing the best interests of the client above all others. * Members will establish realistic expectations of the benefits and results of their services. * Members will treat all client information that is not public knowledge as confidential, will prevent it from access by unauthorized people, and will not take advantage of proprietary or privileged information, either for use by them, their firm or another client, without the clients permission. * Members will avoid conflicts of interest, or the appearance of such, and will disclose to a client any circumstances or interests that might influence their judgment and objectivity. * Members will refrain from inviting an employee of an current or previous client to consider alternative employment without prior discussion with the client. Engagements * Members will only accept assignments which they possess the expertise to perform, and will only assign staff with the requisite expertise. * Members will ensure that before accepting any engagement a mutual understanding of the objectives, scope, work plan, and fee arrangements has been established. * Members will offer to withdraw from a consulting engagement when their objectivity or integrity may be impaired. Fees * Members will agree in advance with a client on the basis for fees and expenses, and will charge fees and expenses that are reasonable, legitimate and commensurate with the services delivered and the responsibility accepted. * Members will disclose to their clients in advance any fees or commissions that they receive for equipment, supplies or services they could recommend to their clients. Profession * Members will respect the individual and corporate rights of clients and consulting colleagues, and will not use proprietary information or methodologies without permission. * Members will represent the profession with integrity and professionalism in their relations with their clients, colleagues and the general public. * Members will report violations of this Code to the Institute, and will ensure that other consultants working on behalf of the member abide by this Code. The Institute of Management Consultants USA, Inc. (IMC USA) adopted its first Code of Ethics in 1968. Since that time IMC USA has modified the wording of the Code for additional clarity and relevance to clients. The current Code was approved February 22, 2002. It is consistent with the International Code of Professional Conduct published by the International Council of Management Consulting Institute (ICMCI) of which IMC USA is a founding member. Members who apply for the CMC (Certified Management Consultant) designation must pass a written examination on the application of the IMC USA Code of Ethics to client service. The CMC mark is awarded to consultants who have met high standards of education, experience, competence and professionalism. 7. CODE OF ETHICS THE GROUND REALITY This paper is based on an Ethics Survey conducted by the Institute of Management Consultants among American business consulting clients of IMC members who are Certified Management Consultants (CMCs). Results * Over-promising expected results and/or benefits (Nearly half of the respondents-46%) * Not serving the best interest of the client (32%) * Under-delivering results vs. commitment (31%) A high percentage of respondents40%indicated that they believe professional service firms would lie to protect themselves. Thirty-nine percent (39%) also indicated that they think employees would lie to protect themselves. Counterbalancing this, however, was the expression of 54% of the respondents who indicted that in a difficult situation, they believe employees will behave honorably. Half of the respondents also believe that professional service firms do place a high value on the welfare of the clients organization. It can therefore be concluded that while business executives believe that both employees and professional service firms do have an interest in the success and welfare of the organization/enterprise, they also feel that both groups would be inclined to act to protect their own interest or enhance their own position-an action which could inevitably be to the detriment of the enterprise. Two additional issues in which professional service firms can be faulted by business executives included: * Allowing the projects scope to expand/creep. (One-fourth of the respondents indicated this was happening frequently.) * Being imprecise or non-specific when setting expectations. (Only 19% indicated that this happens frequently, yet 68% indicated this occasionally happens.)

Computers in the Educational System :: Education Teaching

Computers in the Educational System A little over ten years ago the world was on the brink of a monumental revolution. The computer was rapidly becoming more accessible to a wider range of people. Before the world knew it computers were brought down from a room sized machine that could only be operated by a trained professional to a shoe box sized machine that just about anybody could operate. Nowadays computers are used everyday of our lives. Computers can also be found in just about every classroom around the world. According to Stephen C. Howell â€Å"The introduction of computer technology into classrooms promises history’s most powerful and complex transformation of the learning process, powerful because of the extraordinary capabilities digital technologies offer, complex because of the high level of training necessary to utilize these technologies.† This paper will investigate both the â€Å"extraordinary capabilities† of the computer and the necessary training. As the computer boom really begins to takes off people are learning how to use computers at younger and younger ages. Now days the ten year old in the family can usually run the family computer better then the parents can. This is because schools are starting to mandate a computer class as a special course in elementary school. The children love it, and it gives them a great base to build on when the go to high school, and beyond. The number one reason for the computer boom was the invention of the internet. The internet makes it possible for people all over the world to exchange thoughts and ideas. Teachers are now able to harness the powers of both computers and the internet. All around the world teachers are using computers to aid them in there teaching. The internet makes it possible for students to research any topic they can imagine by searching thousands of library data bases world wide without even leaving the classroom. In the future students may be able to log onto an electronic classroom where a teacher is teaching a subject thousands of miles away. This electronic classroom would link students from all around the world, using a program called video conferencing, so that they could explore the feelings, and opinions of other students there age from different parts of the world.

Gender Differences in the Personality Development of Adolescents

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS BELONGING TO DIFFERENT PARENTING STYLES S. Sravanthi And Dr. M. Sarada Devi The present study was designed to investigate the gender differences in the personality development of adolescents belonging to different parenting styles. The sample comprised of 180 adolescents (60 democratic, 60 permissive and 60 authoritarian parents and their children who comprised of equal number of boys and girls). MAP Series (Teenage Form) covering 20 dimensions was used for data collection.The results revealed that boys belonging to democratic parenting style had high personality development in all the dimensions followed by permissive parenting style. Adolescents belonging to authoritarian parents had low scores on personality development than the adolescents with democratic and permissive parents. INTRODUCTION: Parenting is a complex activity that includes many specific behaviours that work individually and together to influence the c hild outcomes.Parents occupy the most important place in the perceptual world of the child (Eisenberg 1996). Parenting is the most rewarding work of adult life. ————————————————- Parenting styles are broad categories that can overlap, shift, mix and change overtime. Often discipline is considered as essential for the growth and development of the child, Parental discipline is very essential for building healthy personality of the child.The patterns of socialization used by parents influence the child’s personality. *S. Sravanthi (M. Sc) Student, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Home Science, ANGRAU, Saifabad, Hyderabad **Dr. M. Sarada Devi Associate professor, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Home Science, ANGRAU, Saifabad, Hyderabad The term personality is derived from Latin word â€Å"persona† whic h means, â€Å"mask†.Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behaviour and thought. Adolescents are extremely personality conscious and highly motivated to improve them. Diana Baumarind (1983) has classified the techniques of disciplining in three fold scheme and the research focused on three of them 1) Authoritarian 2) Authoritative/Democratic and 3) Permissive.The research indicates that authoritative parenting is associated with increase in attitudinal and behavioural indicators of academic orientation during adolescents, including greater engagement in classroom activities, higher educational aspirations and more positive feelings about school compared to adolescents from permissive and authoritarian parenting style (MaccobyEE 1996). METHODOLOGY Sample: The sample comprised of one hundred and eighty adolescents including equal number of boys and girls from three parenting styles i. e. democratic, permissive and authoritarian. The sample drawn was randomly selected from different high schools of Hyderabad city. Tools Used: In order to find out the gender differences in personality development, MAP series (Teenage Form) consisting of 20 personality dimensions was used covering (adaptability, academic achievement, boldness, competition creativity, enthusiasm, excitability, general ability, guilt proneness, individualism, innovation, leadership, maturity, mental health, morality, self-control, sensitivity, self-sufficiency, social warmth and tension).To find out the different parenting styles adopted by the parents, parenting interactional style questionnaire developed by Vivekan Reddy (1996) was used. Procedure: Along with the Parenting Interactional Style Questionnaire self developed proforma to collect the general information was administered to the sample after collecting the data, it was scored and analyzed statistically using means, S. D and ‘Z’ va lues yielding the following results. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present investigation was undertaken with the objective of studying gender differences in the personality development of adolescents belonging to different parenting styles.Table: 1 Gender differences in personality dimensions of adolescents under democratic parenting style. S. No. | Personality Dimensions| Boys| Girls | ‘Z’ Value| | | Mean| S. D| Mean| S. D. | | 1| Adaptability| 8. 3667| 2. 1573| 8. 0333| 1. 5421| 0. 8848 NS| 2| Academic Achievement | 9. 1667| 1. 7036| 8. 3333| 1. 6470| 1. 9592 NS| 3| Boldness| 9. 1667| 2. 3647| 9. 0000| 2. 0844| 0. 2945 NS| 4| Competition| 7. 9000| 2. 5778| 6. 6333| 2. 3265| 2. 6485**| 5| Creativity| 8. 5333| 1. 6965| 7. 9667| 2. 7353| 1. 2334 NS| 6| Enthusiasm| 7. 1333| 2. 2242| 8. 2333| 1. 8511| 2. 3086*| 7| Excitability| 8. 000| 1. 4288| 6. 9667| 1. 8473| 0. 9699 NS| 8| General Ability| 9. 6000| 2. 6471| 8. 8000| 2. 7089| 1. 1767 NS| 9| Guilt Proneness| 7. 7667| 0. 585 4| 7. 9667| 2. 0424| 0. 3854 NS| 10| Individualism| 9. 2000| 2. 0578| 6. 3333| 1. 9911| 4. 9936** | 11| Innovation| 8. 1667| 2. 6403| 6. 8667| 2. 5560| 0. 0666**| 12| Leadership| 10. 1667| 2. 0525| 8. 8000| 2. 3253| 3. 8302 **| 13| Maturity| 9. 1000| 2. 4403| 9. 5000| 1. 8892| 0. 7221 NS| 14| Mental Health| 8. 7333| 2. 3479| 8. 6000| 2. 0443| 0. 5865 NS| 15| Morality| 8. 9333| 2. 1485| 9. 1667| 2. 1348| 0. 3629 NS| 16| Self-control| 8. 2000| 1. 7695| 8. 7333| 1. 954| 0. 7101 **| 17| Sensitivity| 6. 7000| 1. 6432| 7. 3667| 2. 2358| 1. 3385 NS| 18| Self-Sufficiency| 8. 2000| 2. 0745| 7. 6000| 2. 0611| 0. 4042 NS| 19| Social warmth| 8. 6333| 1. 7515| 9. 1667| 2. 1348| 0. 0649 NS| 20| Tension| 5. 7667| 1. 6333| 6. 3667| 2. 0424| 1. 2781 NS| | Total| 163. 3667| 8. 5439| 158. 2667| 11. 4649| 1. 9666*| NS: Not significant Adolescent boys had high mean scores on personality development compared to girls belonging to democratic parenting style. It was evident from the table-1 that adolescent boys had high mean scores on almost all the dimensions of personality development.This might be due to the fact that boys were given more opportunities by the parents for their development compared to girls. It might also be due to the gender role socialization practices used by the parents as boys to be assertive, independent and self-controlled in nature. This might also be influenced by the high parental expectations towards boys as they are the future breadwinners of the family. Adolescent girls had scored high on few personality dimensions such as maturity, morality, enthusiasm and social warmth.This might be due to the traditional society set up that girls are more matured than those of boys in the same age group and are better able to take care of the household activities. Boys of democratic parents had better personality development compared to girls of the same parenting styles. This might be due to the fact that parents had provided more opportunities for boys compared to girls from the same group. Table-2: Gender differences in personality dimensions under permissive parenting style S. No. | Personality Dimensions| Boys| Girls | ‘Z’ Value| | | Mean| S. D| Mean| S. D. | | | Adaptability| 6. 7000| 2. 2614| 6. 0333| 1. 9025| 1. 2567 NS| 2| Academic Achievement | 5. 3735| 1. 7367| 6. 9333| 1. 7604| 3. 4543**| 3| Boldness| 9. 0333| 2. 3560| 8. 9667| 2. 7728| 0. 2890 NS| 4| Competition| 7. 2000| 3. 0103| 6. 3667| 1. 9384| 0. 8297 NS| 5| Creativity| 8. 9333| 1. 9106| 7. 8667| 2. 4877| 1. 6140 NS| 6| Enthusiasm| 7. 9000| 2. 4262| 5. 8667| 2. 0965| 4. 8871**| 7| Excitability| 8. 5000| 1. 8892| 6. 7333| 2. 2733| 3. 4582**| 8| General Ability| 7. 4000| 3. 6446| 6. 8333| 2. 6008| 0. 7051 NS| 9| Guilt Proneness| 7. 7667| 1. 8323| 7. 8333| 3. 2065| 0. 1006 NS| 10| Individualism| 9. 333| 1. 6750| 8. 3667| 1. 8096| 1. 9580 NS| 11| Innovation| 8. 2000| 1. 9722| 6. 4333| 1. 7157| 2. 3007*| 12| Leadership| 8. 1333| 2. 1292| 7. 9333| 1. 6595| 1. 6901 NS| 13| Maturity| 6. 2667| 2. 0833| 8. 3000| 2. 3947| 3. 5687**| 14| Mental Health| 8. 3000| 1. 9853| 6. 7667 | 2. 2846| 2. 6355**| 15| Morality| 8. 0000| 1. 8383| 9. 1333| 2. 1930| 2. 3070*| 16| Self-control| 7. 7000| 1. 8965| 6. 4000| 1. 4288| 4. 4091**| 17| Sensitivity| 8. 5000| 2. 0129| 9. 8667| 1. 8889| 2. 8000*| 18| Self-Sufficiency| 7. 6333| 2. 0745| 7. 4333| 2. 4023| 4. 3297**| 19| Social warmth| 7. 3667| 3. 784| 7. 8667| 2. 1292| 2. 4020*| 20| Tension| 5. 8333| 2. 9371| 7. 7667| 2. 5688| 2. 7602**| | Total| 160. 5667| 17. 1096| 147. 7333| 9. 3521| 3. 6521**| Ns: Not significant Adolescent boys belonging to permissive parenting style had high mean scores on personality development compared to girls. It was evident from the results that adolescent boys had high mean scores on almost all the personality dimensions such as adaptability, boldness, competition, creativity, enthusiasm, excitability, general ability, individualism, leadership, innovation, mental health, self-control an d self sufficiency.This might be due to the fact that parents aspire that the boys should study regularly and get good marks, go far higher studies because the cultural stereotype of male gender role as breadwinner persists in the country. Hence it was clear that personality development of adolescent boys was better compared to girls. Adolescent girls scored high on few personality dimensions such as academic achievement, guilt proneness, morality, maturity, sensitivity, social warmth and tension. This might be due to the fact that girls are good at verbal skills and thinking.It can also be due to the fact that girls are more emotional and empathetic in nature and good at interaction with others compared to boys. It had not shown significant difference between boys and girls with regard to rest of the dimensions such as adaptability, competition, creativity, general ability, guilt proneness, individualism and leadership. Table -3: Gender differences in personality dimensions under A uthoritarian parenting style S. No. | Personality Dimensions| Boys| Girls | ‘Z’ Value| | | Mean| S. D| Mean| S. D. | | 1| Adaptability| 6. 1333| 2. 0634| 7. 6333| 1. 9911| 4. 1677**| 2| Academic Achievement | 6. 2333| 1. 4667| 5. 333| 1. 8286| 2. 2312*| 3| Boldness| 8. 8333| 3. 0522| 5. 5333| 1. 2794| 6. 2634**| 4| Competition| 6. 8667| 2. 1292| 5. 6000| 1. 7340| 2. 5698*| 5| Creativity| 6. 1000| 2. 3540| 7. 5667| 2. 6741| 2. 2935 *| 6| Enthusiasm| 7. 0423| 2. 1930| 5. 0333| 2. 1891| 2. 1353*| 7| Excitability| 7. 4333| 1. 9420| 6. 9667| 1. 9737| 3. 1265**| 8| General Ability| 6. 4667| 2. 7099| 7. 1333| 1. 9429| 0. 2785 NS| 9| Guilt Proneness| 6. 6000| 2. 5134| 7. 5333| 1. 8520| 1. 6654 NS| 10| Individualism| 6. 9333| 2. 2427| 5. 4333| 1. 7357| 2. 9466**| 11| Innovation| 7. 1000| 2. 6438| 5. 4333| 2. 2234| 2. 6878**| 12| Leadership| 6. 8333| 1. 286| 5. 6667| 1. 7876| 4. 8019**| 13| Maturity| 6. 8667| 1. 5698| 7. 3000| 2. 5617| 0. 8035 NS| 14| Mental Health| 8. 2333| 2. 0 957| 5. 9667| 2. 5391| 4. 4567**| 15| Morality| 6. 6667| 1. 7876| 7. 2667| 2. 5722| 1. 0671 NS| 16| Self-control| 8. 0333| 3. 1784| 6. 1000| 1. 4937| 3. 0668**| 17| Sensitivity| 6. 8333| 2. 2118| 5. 9333| 2. 0500| 1. 2284 NS| 18| Self-Sufficiency| 6. 9333| 2. 2118| 5. 9333| 2. 0500| 1. 2284 NS| 19| Social warmth| 8. 5000| 2. 7133| 8. 6672 | 2. 2642| 1. 5108 NS| 20| Tension| 8. 3667| 2. 0424| 10. 3667| 1. 4735| 4. 4241**| | Total| 151. 1333| 12. 2072| 134. 2333| 7. 9903| 6. 4199**| NS: Not significantAdolescent’s boys had high mean scores on personality development compared to girls from authoritarian parenting style. It was evident from the results that adolescent boys had high mean scores with reference to almost all the dimensions of personality development such as academic achievement, boldness, competition, enthusiasm, excitability, individualism, innovation, leadership, mental health; self-control, sensitivity and tension. Hence it was revealed that personality developme nt of adolescent boys was better than those of girls. This might be due to the parental expectations and aspirations on adolescents that differ on both genders.It might also be due to the roles taken up by adolescents in household activities such as girls taking care of cleaning, cooking where as boys going out for buying groceries and paying the bills and technical work etc. Adolescent girls had scored high on few dimensions such as adaptability, creativity, maturity, morality sensitivity, social warmth and tension. This might be due to the result of gender role socialization practices such as girls are trained to become good home markers and they are quick in absorbing the models from their parents compared to boys.Both boys and girls were on par in personality dimensions such as general ability and guilt proneness as there was no significant difference found between the two genders. The present findings are in line with the study conducted by Chowdhary et al. (1995), which reveal ed that girls required more support from their parent’s, and their needs were more as compared to boys. In a study on parent’s gender differentiated socialization practices concluded that, parents do indeed reinforce gender-typed behaviour such as play, activity, and toy choices (Maccoby & Jacklin 1974).FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION Significant differences were noticed in personality development of adolescent boys and girls belonging to different parenting styles. Boys belonging to democratic parents had better personality development compared to girls. Where as the adolescents belonging to authoritarian parenting style had low personality development than the adolescents of democratic and permissive parenting styles. On the whole it was evident that democratic parenting style was found to have significant positive influence on personality development of the adolescents.Hence from the results it was clear that democratic parenting style was best-suggested to develop personal ity development among the adolescents. Bibliography Baumrind D 1967 Child care practices anticipating patterns of pre-school behaviour. Genetic psychology monographs 75 : 43-88. Chowdhary, Aparijitha, Muni and Kumari A 1995 Roles of parental support in Childrens, need satisfaction and academic achievement. Journal of Community Guidance and Research 12 (2) : 135-144. Maccoby E E and Martin J A 1996 Socialization in the context of the family, Parent child interaction, Newyork, Handbook of psychology. Ed 4th Edition 1-101.

Week 3, Learning Team - Aggregate Demand and Supply Models...

An Economic Critique of Aggregate Demand and Supply Models An Economic Critique of Aggregate Demand and Supply Models The recent fall of the United States economy has created a society of fear, insecurity, and doubtful investors, retirees, and consumers world-wide. Economists from around the world have come together to solve world-wide economic issues and bring stability back to businesses, households, and the government. Economics teaches you how to approach problems; it does not provide what is right or what is wrong, nor does it provide you with a definitive answer. Consistent evaluation of economic factors like unemployment, economic expectations, consumer income, and interest rates, can prove to be highly effective.†¦show more content†¦The effects of inflation, government regulation and taxes can all play an important part in developing classical economic theories. Classical economists also take into account the effects of other current policies and how new economic theory will improve or distort the free market environment (D ifferences Between Classical amp; Keynesian Economics, 2013). Consumer Income As of June 2013, median household incomes were up $598 month-over-month and $960 year-over-year. According to U.S. Department of Commerce (2013), â€Å"wages and salaries, the largest component of personal income, increased 0.5 percent in June after increasing 0.3 percent in May.† Personal expenditure is the vast element to aggregate demand. It is set on a household’s disposable income. There will be a shift to the left on aggregate demand if consumers buy more output at the price level. The current fiscal policy in place as it relates to consumer income states that the government can increase or decrease taxes on household income. An increase in taxes means a decrease in disposable income, because it will take money out of households. The opposite holds true if there is a decrease in taxes, because it will leave households with more money. Disposable income accounts for two-thirds of total demand. Economist had forecast a 0.1% rise, but reports show tha t spending fell 0.2% in May 2013 when adjusted for inflation. It is suggested that consumers pulled back from spending due toShow MoreRelatedeco3721430 Words   |  6 PagesWorkshop 3 = February 13, 2014 Workshop 4 = February 20, 2014 Workshop 5 = February 27, 2014 Instructor contact information: Jack Abbott Cell phone, 714-337-6092 Email, jbabbott@cox.net Course Description This course provides students with the basic theories, concepts, terminology, and uses of macroeconomics. 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